吉大港港拥堵成灾，在线闸口通行证系统能否扭转乾坤？ Chittagong port congestion a disaster, can online gate pass system turn the tide?

2 月 18 日，吉大港港务局（CPA）主席 SM Moniruzzaman 少将主持启动了在线闸口通行证系统。在孟加拉国贸易量持续增长、吉大港港业务日益繁忙的背景下，这一创新举措极大地简化了货物进出港流程，提升了港口作业效率，为港口运营注入了新活力。

On February 18, Rear Admiral SM Moniruzzaman, Chairman, Chittagong Port Authority (CPA), presided over the launch of the online gate pass system. This innovative initiative has greatly simplified the process of entering and exiting the port for cargo, enhanced the efficiency of port operations, and injected new vitality into the port operations against the backdrop of continuous growth in trade and increasingly busy operations at the Chittagong port in Bangladesh.

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一、拥堵现状：运营压力亟待缓解

1. Status of congestion: operational pressure needs to be alleviated urgently

尽管新系统带来了希望，但吉大港港的拥堵状况依旧严峻。2025 年 2 月，18 艘集装箱船排队等待泊位，清理这些积压预计需要两周时间。港口码头堆放着约 38,000 标准箱集装箱，仓库也堆满了出境箱。船舶在港外等待七八天的情况屡见不鲜，甚至出现过停泊延误长达 9 天的极端状况。长时间等待增加了船舶运营成本，导致货物交付延迟，影响了供应链的稳定性，给进出口企业造成巨大损失，还可能使企业面临违约风险，损害商业信誉。

Despite the promise of the new system, congestion at the Chittagong port remains severe.2025 In February, 18 container ships were lined up for berths, and clearing this backlog is expected to take two weeks. Some 38,000 TEU containers are stacked at the port terminals and warehouses are full of outbound containers. It is not uncommon for ships to wait outside the port for seven or eight days, and there have even been extreme cases of berthing delays of up to nine days. The long waiting time increases the operating costs of vessels, leads to delays in cargo delivery, affects the stability of the supply chain, causes huge losses to import and export enterprises, and may also expose them to the risk of default and jeopardize their business reputation.

二、拥堵成因：多因素交织困境

2. Causes of congestion: a multifactorial dilemma

（一）货多港小，供需矛盾突出

(i) Small port with large amount of cargo and prominent contradiction between supply and demand

吉大港位于孟加拉国东南部，处于南亚与东南亚之间的战略位置，是孟加拉国重要的海运枢纽。它承担了该国 92% 以上的海运贸易与 98% 的集装箱贸易，还吸纳部分东南亚与南亚区域的转运箱，年集装箱吞吐量约 300 万 TEU 左右。然而，其泊位数量有限，水深条件较差，年吞吐能力不到 200 万 TEU，长期处于超负荷作业状态。

港口位于河口，主要码头离港外锚地约 8 海里，最大只能接卸长不超 190 米、吃水不超过 9.5 米的船，较大船舶需在港外通过驳船减载后再靠泊，这大大延长了船舶作业时间。卡纳富利河航道存在浅滩，仅允许吃水 9 米以下的船只进港。在雨季（6 - 9 月），河水流量和水位大幅波动，平均水位上涨 2 - 3 米，水流速度明显加快，增加了船舶航行风险，常导致港口作业中断。如 2024 年雨季，港口作业因河水上涨和水流湍急累计中断 15 天，造成大量货物积压和船舶延误。港区受潮汐影响，潮差可达 3 - 4 米，每天两次的潮汐变化限制了船舶进出港的时间窗口，进一步降低了港口运营效率。

从地缘经济角度看，吉大港的战略位置使其成为连接南亚与东南亚的关键节点，在中国 “一带一路” 倡议的 “孟中印缅经济走廊” 以及印度 “东向政策” 对接东盟的进程中发挥着重要作用。但也正因如此，其货物吞吐量不断增长，供需矛盾愈发突出。它通过公路和铁路与印度特里普拉邦、米佐拉姆邦相连，印度东北部 60% 的日用品进口和矿产出口依赖其转运，2025 年年过境贸易额突破 48 亿美元 。与缅甸若开邦隔海相望，两国在孟加拉湾海域合作开发天然气田，吉大港的液化天然气（LNG）接收站承担缅甸对孟出口量的 70%。依托 “孟加拉湾多领域合作组织”（BIMSTEC）框架，吉大港开通至缅甸仰光、泰国曼谷的直达航线，运输时效缩短 30%，成为东南亚电子产品进入南亚的中转站。这些贸易往来都给港口运营带来了巨大压力。

Chittagong Port is located in the southeast of Bangladesh, in a strategic position between South Asia and Southeast Asia, and is an important shipping hub in Bangladesh. It bears more than 92% of the country's maritime trade and 98% of the container trade, and also absorbs part of the transshipment containers from Southeast Asia and South Asia, with an annual container throughput of about 3 million TEUs. However, with a limited number of berths and poor water depths, the port has an annual throughput capacity of less than 2 million TEUs, and is chronically overloaded.

The port is located in the estuary, and the main wharf is about 8 nautical miles away from the anchorage outside the port, which can only receive and unload ships with a maximum length of not more than 190 meters and a draught of not more than 9.5 meters, and larger ships need to berth outside the port after reducing their loads by barges, which greatly prolongs the operation time of the ships. The channel of the Karnaphuli River is shallow and only vessels with a draught of less than 9 meters are allowed to enter the port. During the rainy season (June-September), river flows and levels fluctuate dramatically, with an average water level rise of 2-3 meters, and currents accelerate significantly, increasing navigational risks for vessels and often leading to disruptions in port operations. For example, during the rainy season in 2024, port operations were interrupted for 15 days due to rising river water and turbulence, resulting in a large amount of backlog of cargo and delays for vessels. The port area is affected by tides, which can vary by 3-4 meters, and the twice-daily tidal changes limit the time window for ships to enter and exit the port, further reducing the efficiency of port operations.

From a geo-economic perspective, the strategic location of Chittagong Port makes it a key node connecting South and Southeast Asia, playing an important role in the “Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor” of China's “One Belt, One Road” Initiative as well as India's “Eastward Policy” to ASEAN. It plays an important role in China's “One Belt, One Road” initiative and India's “Eastward Policy” in connecting to ASEAN. But because of this, its cargo throughput is growing and the conflict between supply and demand is becoming more prominent. It is connected by road and rail to the Indian states of Tripura and Mizoram, and 60 percent of northeast India's imports of commodities and mineral exports depend on it for transit, with annual transit trade in 2025 exceeding $4.8 billion. Across the sea from Myanmar's Rakhine State, the two countries are cooperating on the development of natural gas fields in the Bay of Bengal, and the liquefied natural gas (LNG) receiving terminal in Chittagong Port is responsible for 70% of Myanmar's exports to the country. Relying on the framework of the Bay of Bengal Multi-Sectoral Cooperation Organization (BIMSTEC), Chittagong Port has opened direct routes to Yangon, Myanmar and Bangkok, Thailand, which has shortened the transportation time by 30%, and has become a transit point for Southeast Asian electronic products into South Asia. All these trade flows have put tremendous pressure on port operations.

（二）码头基建滞后，设备老化严重

(ii) Lagging terminal infrastructure and aging equipment

吉大港现有 3 个可处理集装箱的码头，分别是 GCT、CCT 与 NCT，其中最先进的 NCT 也是 2007 年建成的老码头。截至 2023 年底，这些码头配备的 18 台岸桥、5 台移动式港机、52 台场桥、55 台跨运车等设备均存在不同程度的老旧问题。部分岸桥起吊速度比新型设备慢 30% - 40%，场桥故障频率较高，平均每月需维修 3 - 4 次，严重影响货物装卸效率，延长了船舶在港停留时间。相比周边现代化港口，吉大港码头设备的落后使其在货物处理能力和效率上存在较大差距，难以满足日益增长的贸易需求。

Chittagong Port has three container handling terminals, namely GCT, CCT and NCT, of which the most advanced one, NCT, is also an old terminal built in 2007. By the end of 2023, these terminals are equipped with 18 shore bridges, 5 mobile harbors, 52 yard bridges, 55 straddle carriers and other equipment with varying degrees of obsolescence. The lifting speed of some of the quay bridges is 30-40% slower than that of the newer equipment, and the yard bridges break down more frequently, requiring an average of 3-4 repairs per month, which seriously affects the efficiency of cargo handling and lengthens the stay of ships in the port. Compared with the neighboring modern ports, the backwardness of the terminal equipment of Chittagong port makes a big gap in cargo handling capacity and efficiency, and it is difficult to meet the increasing trade demand.

（三）人为因素干扰，运营效率受限

(iii) Operational Efficiency Constrained by Human Interference

孟加拉国透明国际组织（TIB）报告显示，孟加拉进出口商每年向吉大港海关、港口官员等行贿约 5 亿人民币，腐败问题严重影响港口运营效率。在港口服务端，部分工作人员以货物文件问题等理由恐吓货主和船方，迫使他们行贿；相关方还在公共码头违规抽取管理费用，一些小型货代公司每月需额外支付 2000 - 5000 美元的不合理费用，增加了企业运营成本，破坏了市场公平竞争环境。

码头运营商在拥堵时能收取高额堆存费用，缺乏改善码头效率的动力。此外，斋月期间港口工作时间减少约 30%，码头工人、集卡司机不定期罢工。孟加拉国与周边国家（特别是印度）因历史、领土、宗教等争议，边境地区时常出现紧张局势和社会动荡，这些不稳定因素蔓延至吉大港，导致港口地区出现罢工、抗议等活动，影响港口正常运营秩序。例如，2023 年两国边境冲突引发的抗议活动使吉大港港口作业中断 5 天，造成巨大经济损失。这种不稳定的社会环境不仅干扰港口日常运营，还阻碍了港口的进一步发展，使得投资者对该地区望而却步。

According to a report by Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB), Bangladeshi importers and exporters pay bribes of about 500 million RMB annually to Chittagong Customs, port officials, etc. Corruption has a serious impact on the operational efficiency of the port. On the service side of the port, some staff intimidate cargo owners and ship owners to force them to pay bribes on the basis of cargo documentation issues, etc. Relevant parties also illegally extract management fees at public terminals, and some small forwarding companies have to pay an additional unreasonable fee of US$2,000 - US$5,000 per month, which increases the operating costs of the enterprises and destroys the level playing field in the market.

Terminal operators are able to charge high stacking fees during times of congestion and lack incentives to improve terminal efficiency. In addition, working hours at ports are reduced by about 30 percent during Ramadan, and dock workers and collector truck drivers go on strike at irregular intervals. Tensions and social unrest in the border areas between Bangladesh and neighboring countries (especially India) have been occurring from time to time due to historical, territorial, and religious disputes, and these instabilities have spilled over to Chittagong port, leading to strikes, protests, and other activities in the port area, which have affected the port's normal operating order. For example, the protests triggered by the border clashes between the two countries in 2023 disrupted port operations in Chittagong for five days, causing huge economic losses. This unstable social environment not only disrupts the daily operations of the port, but also hinders further development of the port and discourages investors from the region.

三、新系统优势：多维度优化破局

3. Advantages of the new system: multi-dimensional optimization of the breakthroughs

（一）运营效率显著提升

(i) Significant improvement in operational efficiency

新系统能够实时监控货物和车辆信息，为港口作业提供精准的数据支持。通过大数据分析，可提前规划集装箱装卸顺序，优化装卸路径，使装卸效率提高 20% - 30%。系统还加强了安全管理，通过智能监控设备及时发现和处理安全隐患，全面提高整体运营效率，简化了以往人工处理的繁琐环节，作业流程更加顺畅。这有助于提升港口在区域内的竞争力，吸引更多船舶停靠，促进贸易发展。

The new system can monitor cargo and vehicle information in real time, providing accurate data support for port operations. Through big data analysis, container loading and unloading sequences can be planned in advance and loading and unloading paths can be optimized, so that loading and unloading efficiency can be increased by 20% - 30%. The system also strengthens safety management, detects and deals with potential safety hazards in a timely manner through intelligent monitoring equipment, comprehensively improves overall operational efficiency, simplifies tedious manual handling in the past, and makes the operation process smoother. This helps enhance the port's competitiveness in the region, attracting more ships to call and promoting trade.

（二）缓解交通拥堵

(ii) Reducing traffic congestion

过去，港口使用者在机场路排队领取通行证，常常导致交通拥堵。司机停车等待时，进一步加剧了拥堵状况。Chattogram C&F 代理协会第二港口事务秘书 Mohammed Tazul Islam 表示，新系统实施后，车辆进港等待时间大幅缩短，从原来平均等待 2 - 3 小时减少至 30 分钟以内，有效缓解了机场路的交通压力，改善了吉大港本就拥堵的交通状况。这对于提高城市整体运行效率，减少物流运输成本具有重要意义。

In the past, port users used to queue up for passes on the airport road, which often led to traffic congestion. The congestion was further aggravated when drivers stopped and waited for their turn, and Mohammed Tazul Islam, Secretary of Port Affairs, Chattogram C&F Agency Association No. 2, said that with the new system, the waiting time for vehicles to enter the port has been significantly reduced from an average of 2-3 hours to less than 30 minutes, which has effectively eased traffic pressure on the Airport Road, and improved the congested traffic situation at Chittagong Port. This has effectively eased the traffic pressure on Airport Road and improved the already congested traffic situation in Chittagong. This is of great significance in improving the overall operational efficiency of the city and reducing logistics and transportation costs.

（三）加快通关速度

(iii) Speed up customs clearance

目前，每天约有 8000 辆货车在吉大港港运输货物。借助新系统，司机可通过手机银行提前支付 57.50 泰铢入港费，抵达闸口出示支付记录即可快速通行。车辆进港时间从原来的 15 - 20 分钟缩短至 1 - 2 分钟，大大提高了通关效率，降低了企业的时间成本，在一定程度上也有助于缓解港口周边的交通拥堵，加快货物周转速度，缩短企业资金回笼周期，增强企业市场竞争力。快速的通关速度使吉大港在国际贸易中的优势得以提升，能够更好地适应全球供应链快速运转的需求。

Currently, about 8,000 trucks transport goods at Chittagong Port every day. With the new system, drivers can pay the entry fee of 57.50 baht in advance through mobile banking and show their payment record at the gate for fast clearance. Vehicle entry time has been shortened from 15-20 minutes to 1-2 minutes, which greatly improves customs clearance efficiency, reduces time costs for enterprises, and to a certain extent helps to ease traffic congestion around the port, speed up cargo turnover, shorten the cycle of enterprise capital recovery, and enhance the competitiveness of enterprises in the market. The fast customs clearance speed enables Chittagong port to enhance its advantages in international trade and better adapt to the needs of rapid operation of the global supply chain.

四、吉大港：孟加拉国航运核心地位与发展潜力

4. Chittagong port: Bangladesh's shipping centrality and development potential

吉大港 ( Chattogram / Chittagong ) 位于孟加拉国最大港口城市和人口第二大城市。为孟加拉国航运领域的核心枢纽，在该国经济发展以及区域贸易往来中占据着举足轻重的地位。距戈尔诺普利河下游右岸的希达贡达丘陵脊上河口16公里，得天独厚的地理位置使其成为孟加拉国近 90% 国际贸易的关键节点。

Chittagong is located in the largest port city and the second most populous city in Bangladesh. It is the core hub of Bangladesh's shipping industry and plays a pivotal role in the country's economic development and regional trade. Located 16 kilometers from the mouth of the river on the right bank of the lower reaches of the Karnopuri River, the unique geographical location makes it a key node for nearly 90% of Bangladesh's international trade.

孟加拉湾盆地为南亚地区主要含油气盆地之一，以天然气资源为主，已探明天然气可采储量为6377亿立方米，盆地内发现的凝析油和石油很少，其可采储量仅为11.83百万立方米。孟加拉湾盆地待发现的天然气资源量居南亚地区第三位，丰富的油气资源对石油公司具有极大的吸引力。

The Bay of Bengal Basin is one of the major oil and gas basins in South Asia, with natural gas resources as the main resource. The proven recoverable reserves of natural gas are 637.7 billion cubic meters. Condensate oil and oil are rare in the basin, with recoverable reserves of only 11.83 million cubic meters. The amount of natural gas resources to be discovered in the Bay of Bengal Basin ranks third in South Asia, and the rich oil and gas resources are extremely attractive to oil companies.

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港区主要码头泊位有11个，最大水深约10m。装卸设备有各种岸吊及拖船等，其中岸吊最大起重能力达125吨。铁路线可直达码头进行装卸作业。谷物仓筒容量达17万吨，水泥储存能力为4万吨，磷酸盐储存能力为12.7万吨，集装箱场地面积为1.4万平方米。另有9个河上泊位，可用于干货船过驳作业。大船锚地最大可靠6万载重吨的油船。

There are 11 main berths in the port area, with a maximum water depth of about 10m. The loading and unloading equipment includes various shore cranes and tugboats, among which the maximum lifting capacity of shore cranes is 125 tons. The railway line can directly reach the dock for loading and unloading operations. The grain silo capacity is 170,000 tons, the cement storage capacity is 40,000 tons, the phosphate storage capacity is 127,000 tons, and the container site area is 14,000 square meters. There are also 9 river berths that can be used for dry cargo ship lightering operations. The largest ship anchorage can accommodate oil tankers with a maximum deadweight of 60,000 tons.

主要出口货物为黄麻、棉花、蛋品、纸张、豆饼及畜产品等。进口货物主要有谷物、煤、水泥、化肥、木材、糖、盐、油、车辆及机器等。

The main export goods are jute, cotton, eggs, paper, bean cake and livestock products, etc. The main import goods are grain, coal, cement, fertilizer, timber, sugar, salt, oil, vehicles and machinery, etc.

从港区设施来看，吉大港布局合理且功能完备。港区右岸设有 17 个栈桥泊位，其中包含两个趸船泊位，能够满足不同类型货物的装卸需求。随着港口业务的拓展，下游北岸新增了两个多用途泊位，进一步增强了港口的货物处理能力。江面上分布的多个浮筒以及外锚地 6 万载重吨的原油泊位，共同构建起一个高效运转的航运体系，保障了各类船舶的作业需求。

From the perspective of port facilities, Chittagong has a reasonable layout and complete functions. There are 17 pier berths on the right bank of the port, including two barge berths, which can meet the loading and unloading needs of different types of goods. With the expansion of port business, two multi-purpose berths have been added on the downstream north bank, further enhancing the cargo handling capacity of the port. Multiple buoys distributed on the river surface and the 60,000-ton crude oil berth in the outer anchorage have jointly built an efficient shipping system to ensure the operation needs of various types of ships.

吉大港的核心竞争力体现在货物管理与海运服务两大关键领域。在货物管理方面，其高效集约的体系成效显著。2025 年，散杂货及液体货物吞吐量占比高达 78%。专业化泊位优势突出，2 个原油码头可同时接纳 10 万吨级油轮停靠作业；3 个多用途码头配备的重型吊机，单次起重能力达 250 吨，能够轻松应对风电设备、工程机械等超规格货物的装卸挑战。全港部署的自动化货物追踪系统（CTS）与智能配载算法紧密配合，将船舶平均滞港时间成功压缩至 18 小时，相比 2020 年大幅下降 40%。2025 年港口年吞吐量突破 1.1 亿吨，其中矿石、化肥等散货处理效率达到 800 吨 / 小时，滚装船码头年吞吐车辆超过 22 万台，在南亚地区名列前茅。

Chittagong's core competitiveness is reflected in two key areas: cargo management and shipping services. In terms of cargo management, its efficient and intensive system has achieved remarkable results. In 2025, the throughput of bulk and liquid cargo accounted for as high as 78%. The advantages of specialized berths are outstanding. The two crude oil terminals can accommodate 100,000-ton tankers at the same time; the three multi-purpose terminals are equipped with heavy cranes with a single lifting capacity of 250 tons, which can easily cope with the challenges of loading and unloading oversized cargo such as wind power equipment and construction machinery. The automated cargo tracking system (CTS) deployed throughout the port works closely with the intelligent loading algorithm to successfully compress the average ship's port stay time to 18 hours, a significant decrease of 40% compared to 2020. In 2025, the port's annual throughput will exceed 110 million tons, of which the handling efficiency of bulk cargo such as ore and fertilizer will reach 800 tons/hour, and the annual vehicle throughput of the ro-ro terminal will exceed 220,000 units, ranking among the best in South Asia.

海运服务生态上，吉大港提供全链条、一站式服务。8 艘 3200 - 5000 匹马力的拖轮，结合精准的潮汐预测系统，为吃水 9.5 米以下的船舶提供全天候安全进出港保障。作为东南亚低硫燃料油（LSFO）的核心供应点，其 45 万立方米的储油设施，可满足区域内 15% 船舶的燃料需求。5 万吨级干船坞具备从船体修复到动力系统检修的一站式服务能力，与新加坡海事集团合作引入的无人机巡检技术，更是将故障响应时间缩短至 4 小时，极大提高了船舶维修效率。此外，保税仓库集群配合 AI 智能报关系统，实现了缅甸转口欧洲的玉石、印度过境东南亚的药品等部分货物 “72 小时免关税滞留”，通关时效提升 65%，为贸易活动提供了极大便利。

In terms of shipping service ecology, Chittagong provides full-chain, one-stop services. Eight tugboats with 3,200-5,000 horsepower, combined with an accurate tidal prediction system, provide all-weather safe entry and exit guarantees for ships with a draft of less than 9.5 meters. As the core supply point for low-sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) in Southeast Asia, its 450,000 cubic meters of oil storage facilities can meet the fuel needs of 15% of ships in the region. The 50,000-ton dry dock has one-stop service capabilities from hull repair to power system maintenance. The drone inspection technology introduced in cooperation with Singapore Maritime Group has shortened the fault response time to 4 hours, greatly improving the efficiency of ship maintenance. In addition, the bonded warehouse cluster cooperates with the AI intelligent customs declaration system to achieve "72-hour duty-free detention" for some goods such as jade from Myanmar to Europe and medicines from India through Southeast Asia, and the customs clearance time has increased by 65%, which has provided great convenience for trade activities.

在区域经济整合进程中，吉大港扮演着至关重要的角色。它与印度加尔各答港（以大宗散货业务为主）、缅甸仰光港（专注农产品运输）形成差异化分工，通过联合开通 “环湾快线”，有效降低区域物流成本达 23%。依托港口后方 2400 公顷的专属经济区，成功吸引中国钢铁企业、韩国造船厂等入驻，形成了 “港口 - 临港工业 - 出口加工” 一体化的产业发展模式，推动了区域产业协同发展。同时，作为 “孟加拉湾海上搜救联盟” 总部所在地，其配备的卫星监测系统可实时追踪 90% 的湾内船舶动态，使得重大海事故发生率同比下降 31%，有力保障了区域海上安全与贸易稳定。

Chittagong plays a vital role in the process of regional economic integration. It has formed a differentiated division of labor with the Port of Kolkata in India (mainly engaged in bulk cargo business) and the Port of Yangon in Myanmar (focusing on agricultural product transportation). By jointly opening the "Ring Bay Express", it has effectively reduced regional logistics costs by 23%. Relying on the 2,400-hectare exclusive economic zone behind the port, it has successfully attracted Chinese steel companies, Korean shipyards, etc. to settle in, forming an integrated industrial development model of "port-port-side industry-export processing", and promoting the coordinated development of regional industries. At the same time, as the headquarters of the "Bay of Bengal Maritime Search and Rescue Alliance", its satellite monitoring system can track 90% of the ship dynamics in the bay in real time, reducing the incidence of major maritime accidents by 31% year-on-year, effectively ensuring regional maritime safety and trade stability.

吉大港凭借优越的地理位置以及在区域经济整合中的积极作为，稳固了其在孟加拉国航运业的核心地位，并展现出巨大的发展潜力。

With its superior geographical location and active role in regional economic integration, Chittagong has consolidated its core position in Bangladesh's shipping industry and demonstrated great development potential.

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