Lesson from 47 Ships Stranded Post Russia-Ukraine Conflict: How Ship Owners Use 'Dual-Routing Backup' to Navigate Black Sea Chokepoint Crises? 俄乌冲突后，47 艘船滞留的教训：船东如何用「双航线备案」避开黑海咽喉危机？

Lesson from 47 Ships Stranded Post Russia-Ukraine Conflict: How Ship Owners Use 'Dual-Routing Backup' to Navigate Black Sea Chokepoint Crises?

俄乌冲突后，47 艘船滞留的教训：船东如何用「双航线备案」避开黑海咽喉危机？

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On June 2, 2025, the Dolmabahce Palace in Istanbul, Turkey, once again became the focus of the world as the second round of Russia-Ukraine talks was held there. The two sides reached limited consensus on issues such as prisoner exchange and humanitarian corridors. This 9-hour closed-door talk not only reflects Istanbul's strategic value as an international political stage but also recalls its historical role as a "bridge between the East and West". As the only port city in the world spanning Europe and Asia, in 2024, Turkey's Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure announced that the Bosphorus Strait in Istanbul witnesses over 100 ships passing through daily, making it a key hub for maritime trade and transport in the Black Sea region.

2025年6月2日，土耳其伊斯坦布尔的多尔玛巴赫切宫再次成为全球焦点 ，俄乌第二轮直接谈判在此举行，双方就战俘交换、人道走廊等议题达成有限共识。这场持续9小时的闭门会谈，不仅折射出伊斯坦布尔作为国际政治舞台的战略价值，更让人联想起其作为 “东西方桥梁” 的历史基因。作为全球唯一横跨欧亚大陆的港口城市，2024年土耳其交通和基础设施部宣布，伊斯坦布尔的博斯普鲁斯海峡每天通行超100艘船只，是黑海地区海上贸易运输的重要枢纽。

Heading north from Istanbul by sea leads to the Black Sea coast; heading south connects to the Mediterranean, linking three continents: Europe, Asia, and Africa by sea. From a high vantage point in Istanbul, the European continent is within sight to the west, and to the east, despite the Pamir Plateau's barrier, the Silk Road has seen a constant flow of merchants over 2,000 years. This “golden waterway”serves as the throat connecting the Black Sea to the outside world, with Istanbul Port (ISTANBUL) being a crucial node. Today, we will introduce it in detail.

从伊斯坦布尔出发向北从海上直达黑海沿岸各国；向南接着地中海，从海上可通欧、亚、非三个大陆;站在伊斯坦布尔的高处向西望去，欧洲大陆近在咫尺；向东虽有帕米尔高原阻隔，但2000年间丝绸之路上商贾不断往来。这条“黄金水道”是黑海通向外界的咽喉要地，伊斯坦布尔港（ISTANBUL）是其上一个重要节点，今天我们将详细介绍它。

Ⅰ Istanbul Port's Advantages

一、伊斯坦布尔港的优势

(1) Geographical Location and Transport Network

（一）地理位置与交通网络

Istanbul (ISTANBUL), spanning two continents, Europe and Asia, is Turkey's largest city, its biggest port, a major industrial, commercial, and tourist center. Located on the southwestern shore of the Istanbul Strait (Bosphorus) on Turkey's northwestern coast, it borders the northeastern side of the Sea of Marmara (MARMARA), serving as Turkey's primary seaport. This historic city, straddling Europe and Asia, controls the vital passage from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea via the Sea of Marmara. In 1973, the Bosphorus Bridge was completed, spanning the strait with a clearance of 64 meters above the water and no piers in the waterway. The port is not only a strategic hub for Eurasia but also a crucial international land transport junction. Istanbul covers an area of 254 square kilometers with a population of 5.48 million, 98% of whom are followers of Islam. The current metropolitan area encompasses the central and southern shores of the strait on both sides, as well as the adjoining northern coast of the Sea of Marmara, including Üsküdar on the Asian side, forming a major metropolis across two continents. As the national center for transport, trade, and culture, Istanbul is also Turkey's primary hub for import and export trade, handling approximately 50% of the country's imports and 15% of its exports. Key industries include tobacco, textiles, ship repair, sugar refining, flour milling, leather, glass, automotive, and cement.

The port is located about 20 km from Istanbul Airport (IST), which offers regular daily flights to destinations worldwide.

伊斯坦布尔（ISTANBUL）地跨欧亚两洲，是土耳其最大的城市、最大的港口、工商业中心和主要的旅游胜地。它位于土耳其西部沿海伊斯坦布尔海峡西南岸，濒临马尔马拉（MARMARA）海的东北侧，是土耳其的最大海港。它是一个跨越欧、亚两洲的历史名城，控制了从地中海经马尔马拉海去黑海的通道。在1973年建成横跨伊斯坦布尔海峡大桥，桥身高出水面64m，水中无一桥墩。该港不仅扼欧亚交通的要冲，而且是国际陆运交通的枢纽。伊斯坦布尔全市面积254平方公里，人口548万，98％的居民信奉伊斯兰教。现市区已包括海峡中、南段两岸以及与之相连的马尔马拉海北岸地段，包括海峡东岸的于斯屈达尔，成为地跨欧、亚两洲的大城市。该港不仅扼欧亚交通的要冲，而且是国际陆运交通的枢纽。它是全国运输、贸易和文化的中心，又是全国进、出口贸易中心，全国有50％的进口和15％的出口都是通过该港的。主要工业有烟草、纺织、船舶修理、制糖、面粉、皮革、玻璃、汽车及水泥等。港口距机场约20km，每天有定期航班飞往世界各地。

The port is connected to Europe and inland Anatolia via BR-050 highway and Fernando Diaz Railway; maritime routes cover the East Mediterranean Line, Black Sea Line, and Asia Line. In 2024, the "Chongqing-Istanbul" rail service was launched, covering around 10,000 km and transporting high-value goods like machinery and equipment, strengthening Istanbul Port's multimodal transport network.

After unloading cargo at Istanbul Port, Chinese bulk carriers can head north to the Black Sea, loading corn at Ukraine's Odessa Port or wheat at Romania's Constanta Port, or load manganese ore at Georgia's Poti Port. This establishes a "mineral and grain" dual round-trip model, avoiding empty voyages back.

港口通过BR-050公路和费尔南·迪亚斯铁路连通欧洲与安纳托利亚内陆；海上航线包括地东线、黑海线及亚洲航线；在2024年“重庆-伊斯坦布尔”班列开通，全程1万公里左右，运输机械设备等高价值货物，强化伊斯坦布尔港多式联运网络。

中国散货船在伊斯坦布尔港卸货后，可以北上黑海至乌克兰敖德萨港装玉米或罗马尼亚康斯坦察港装小麦，也可以到格鲁吉亚波季港装锰矿，构建“矿产+粮食”双回程模式，避免空船返航。

(2) Port Facilities

Istanbul Port boasts advanced facilities and a large scale, accommodating various large vessels for berthing and loading/unloading. It has multiple terminals, including KUMPORT and Haydarpasa. Loading/unloading equipment includes various types of cranes (shore, portal, mobile, floating, container, movable) and tugs. The floating crane has a maximum lifting capacity of 250 tons, and tugs have a maximum power of 1,839kW. AMBARLI oil terminal can berth very large crude carriers (VLCCs) of up to 250,000 DWT. The port also has grain storage of 70,000 tons, as well as warehouses and yards.

（二）港口基础设施

伊斯坦布尔港拥有先进的港口设施和庞大的规模，能够容纳各种类型的大型船舶停靠和装卸。港口内设有多个码头，包括康普特（KUMPORT）码头和海达尔帕夏（HAYDARPASA）码头。港口装卸设备有各种岸吊、门吊、汽车吊、浮吊、集装箱吊、可移式吊及拖船等，其中浮吊最大起重能力达250吨，拖船功率最大为1839kW。在AMBARLI油码头最大可泊25万载重吨的大型油船。港区粮仓容量达7万吨，另有仓库及堆场等。

(3) Free Trade Zone and Tariffs

As a free port with a free trade zone, Istanbul Port's free trade zone covers areas around KUMPORT and Ambali Port, exceeding 400,000 square meters.

Under Turkey's Free Economic Zone Law, enterprises in free economic zones are exempt from import duties and value-added tax (VAT) on raw materials, equipment, and intermediate products. Exports to third countries are also VAT-exempt, with simplified procedures and no additional approval required. Production enterprises in the zone with over 85% of their output exported are exempt from corporate income tax. This applies to all industries but requires verification of export data by Turkish customs. The law also establishes Technology Development Zones (TDZs), where enterprises enjoy full corporate income tax exemption, VAT exemption, and employee subsidies.

Turkey's tariff system is based on the HS (Harmonized System) code, aligning with the international HS classification. Tariffs are categorized into three types: MFN (Most-Favored-Nation) rates, GSP (Generalized System of Preferences) rates, and special rates. Special rates may be preferential or punitive and apply to specific countries or regions. Exporters can query the HS code of goods, with Turkey imposing 0% - 30% tariffs and 18% VAT on imports, though some goods are exempt. Chinese shipowners exporting to Turkey can enjoy certain preferences.

Chinese enterprises in the free trade zone can apply for “strategic investor” status, and if their export proportion exceeds 85%, they can be exempt from corporate income tax until 2030.

（三）自贸区及关税

伊斯坦布尔港是自由港、设立自由贸易区。覆盖康普特码头周边及安巴利港区，面积超40万平方米。

根据土耳其根据《自由经济区法》，自由经济区内企业进口原材料、设备及中间产品免征关税和增值税，出口至第三国的产品同样豁免增值税，且出口流程简化，无需额外审批。自贸区内生产型企业若出口额占产品总值的85%以上，其经营所得免征企业所得税，该政策适用于所有行业，但需通过土耳其海关的出口数据核验。并在《自由经济区法》框架下设立“科技开发区”（TDZs），入驻科技开发区的企业可享受企业所得税全免、增值税豁免以及员工补贴。

土耳其的关税制度是基于商品的HS编码（协调制度编码）来实施的，这些编码与国际通用的HS编码系统相一致。土耳其的关税分为三类：分别是最惠税率国（MFN）、普遍优惠制税率（GSP）以及特殊关税率，其中特殊关税率适用于特定国家或地区的商品，可能是优惠的也可能是惩罚性的。可提前查询货物HS编码，对商品征收0%-30%不等的关税以及18%的增值税，但部分商品顾可减免，中国船东出口至土耳其可享受部分优惠。

中资企业入驻自贸区可申请 “战略投资者” 资质，若出口额占比超 85%，可豁免企业所得税至 2030 年。

(4) Maritime Services

Warehousing: With 120,000 square meters of bonded warehouse area, equipped with WMS intelligent warehousing system, it supports cross-border e-commerce distribution centers to handle 150,000 orders daily. Nine percent of the warehouse is for cold storage of high-value goods like medicine and fresh products, with temperature accuracy controlled within ±0.5℃. It also has an 80,000- ton cold storage cluster, with adjustable temperatures from -25℃ to 20℃.

Dangerous goods warehouse: Haydarpasa Port has an independent isolation area compliant with IMDG Code standards, capable of storing nine classes of dangerous goods, including lithium batteries (UN3480/3481).

Bulk cargo yard: Ambali Port has a 250,000 - ton bulk cargo yard.

Pilotage services: Mandatory pilotage is required, with pilots assigned by the Turkish Straits Pilotage Authority (TSK), and pilotage fees are charged based on the ship's net tonnage.

Multimodal transport: Located 20 km from Istanbul Ataturk Airport, with over 1,000 daily flights, air cargo can cover the Middle East and Europe within 48 hours. The surrounding highway network covers the entire Turkey, the Marmara Tunnel connects the Euro - Asia Land Bridge, and the China - Europe Railway Express (Xi'an - Istanbul route) takes just 12 days.

Port basic services: A wide range of services are offered, including towing, pilotage (mandatory), berthing, boat services, medical assistance, provisions, freshwater supply, waste reception, ship repair, fuel bunkering, multimodal transport, garbage disposal, passage, captain's procurement, crew change, cargo handling, port dues settlement, and spare parts supply.

Ship repair: Sedef Shipyard in Tuzla has two dry docks of 310×50 meters, capable of repairing ships up to 180,000 DWT, with an annual steel processing capacity of 100,000 tons, mainly undertaking repair business for oil tankers and container ships.

（四）海事服务

仓储服务：保税仓库面积达12万平方米，配备WMS智能仓储系统，支持跨境电商分拨中心日处理15万单。冷链仓库占比9%，可存储药品、生鲜等高价值货物，温度精度控制在±0.5℃。配8万吨冷库群，支持-25℃至20℃可调温控。危险品仓库：海达尔帕夏港设有独立隔离区，符合IMDG Code标准，可存储锂电池（UN3480/3481）等9类危险品

散货堆场：阿姆巴利港的25万载重吨级散货堆场。

引航服务：强制引航，由土耳其海峡引航局（TSK）指派引航员，引航费按船舶净吨分级收取

多式联运：距伊斯坦布尔国际机场20公里，每日超1000航班，空运货物48小时覆盖中东欧，周边高速公路网覆盖土耳其全境，尔马拉隧道连接欧亚大陆桥，中欧班列（西安-伊斯坦布尔）12 天直达。

港口基础服务：提供拖曳、引航（强制引航）、系泊、小艇、医疗、给养、淡水补给、废料接收、船舶维修、燃料加注、多式联运、垃圾处理、通行以及船长采购、换员、装卸货物、港使费结算、备件等服务。

船舶维修：图兹拉地区的塞德夫造船厂拥有2座310×50米干船坞，可维修18万吨级船舶，年钢材加工能力10万吨，主要承接油轮、集装箱船的坞修业务。

(5) Hydrological Parameters

The port has a subtropical Mediterranean climate with prevailing northeasterly winds. The average annual temperature ranges from 8 to 20℃, with 36 foggy days and an average annual rainfall of about 500mm. Tidal changes are minimal.

（五）水文参数

该港属亚热带地中海式气候，盛行东北风。年平均气温8～20℃。每年有雾日 36天。全年平均降雨量约500mm。本港潮汐变化甚小。

Ⅱ Istanbul Port's Dry Bulk Business

Istanbul Port, comprising Haydarpasa and KUMPORT terminals, handles over 35 million tons of dry bulk annually. According to the Turkish Port Authority's 2024 data, the port's grain loading efficiency is 200 tons per hour, and coal unloading efficiency is 1,500 tons per hour. Major imports include coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, timber, beef tallow, and industrial products, while exports mainly consist of wool, cotton, timber, tobacco, silk, fruit, leather, and carpets.

Haydarpasa has eight dry bulk berths with 250-ton floating cranes, specializing in handling bulk cargoes like coal and ore. KUMPORT, a modern terminal operated in part by Chinese interests and equipped with intelligent loading/unloading systems, boasts a coal unloading efficiency of 2,500 tons per hour, 67% higher than traditional terminals. Currently, KUMPORT has six berths with a depth of 14 meters, capable of accommodating 150,000 - DWT bulk carriers and handling cargoes like copper concentrates.

二、伊斯坦布尔港的干散货业务

伊斯坦布尔港分属海达尔帕夏和康普特两大码头，年干散货吞吐量超3500 万吨。根据土耳其港务局 2024 年数据，港口谷物装船效率为200 吨/小时，煤炭卸船效率为1500吨/小时。主要进口货物为煤、铁、铅、铜、锡、木材、牛油及工业品等，出口货物主要有羊毛、棉花、干 木、烟叶、丝、水果、皮张及地毡等。

海达尔帕夏拥有8个干散货泊位，配备250吨浮吊，擅长处理煤炭、矿石等大宗散货。康普特是中资参与运营的现代化码头，采用中资智能装卸系统后，煤炭卸船效率达 2500 吨 / 小时，较传统码头提升 67%，目前康普特有6个泊位水深 14 米，可泊 15 万吨级散货船，可吞吐精铜矿等。

Ⅲ China - Turkey Cooperative Relationship

In 2023, Turkey's customs fully implemented the TurkTrade electronic declaration system, allowing Chinese enterprises to pre-declare 48 hours in advance via API. The practical process involves entering coal documents into the TurkTrade system through the Chinese - operated KUMPORT terminal. Once the customs pre - review is passed, ships can start unloading upon arrival ("ship - side direct lifting"), eliminating the traditional 24 - hour waiting period in the port area.

In 2023, bilateral trade reached USD 43.4 billion, a 40 - fold increase from 2000. It is expected to surpass USD 60 billion in 2025. China remains Turkey's third - largest global trading partner. Based on geographical complementarity, economic mutual need, and political mutual trust, China and Turkey have upgraded from traditional trading partners to core "Belt and Road" partners.

三、中国与土耳其的合作关系

土耳其海关 2023 年全面推行TurkTrade 电子申报系统，允许中资企业通过 API对接提前48小时预申报。实操流程：通过Kumport码头的中资运营方，将煤炭单据提前录入TurkTrade 系统，海关预审通过后，船舶抵港即开始卸货（“船边直提”），省去传统的24小时港区等待。

2023年双边贸易434亿美元，较2000年增长40倍，2025年预计突破600亿美元，中国稳居土耳其全球第三大贸易伙伴。中国与土耳其基于地缘互补、经济互需、政治互信，已从传统贸易伙伴升级为“一带一路”核心搭档。

Risks and Prevention

四、风险与预防

(1) Geopolitics

The 1936 Montreux Convention grants Turkey control over Bosphorus Strait traffic. During the 2022 Russia - Ukraine conflict, Russian - flagged ships were restricted, stranding 32 bulk carriers. According to the Turkish Port Authority, in January 2025, the temporary 12 - hour closure of the strait due to fluctuations in the Ukraine grain export agreement affected 47 vessels. Such unexpected events can impact voyages. To mitigate risks, it is advisable to establish "double route registration" via third - party platforms like E - PORTS and consider purchasing "Belt and Road" - specific insurance.

It is recommended to monitor the strait's traffic status in real - time through third - party platforms such as E - PORTS and file Constanta Port in Romania as an alternative hub.

（一）地缘政治

1936年《蒙特勒公约》中土耳其对博斯普鲁斯海峡实施通航管制；2022 年俄乌冲突期间曾限制俄籍船舶通行，导致 32 艘散货船滞留；根据土耳其港务局数据，2025年1月，因乌克兰粮食出口协议波动，海峡临时禁航12小时，影响 47艘船舶。这些突发事件可能都会影响航程，可以通过第三方平台建立“双航线备案”以防万一，也可以购买“一带一路”专项保险等。

建议可以通过 E-PORTS 等第三方平台实时监控海峡通航状态，并备案罗马尼亚康斯坦察港作为替代枢纽。

(2) Extreme Weather

According to the Turkish Shipowners' Association, in the winter of 2021, the ice - covered area in the northern Black Sea reached 32,000 square kilometers, causing Odessa Port to shut down and leading to delays in Istanbul Port's transshipment operations. In January 2024, ice conditions prevented 12 bulk carriers from berthing, resulting in average daily losses of $85,000 per vessel. Before departure, one can check weather forecasts on third - party platforms, utilize big data and AI - powered solutions, or opt for 1A ice - class bulk carriers. According to the Turkish Shipowners' Association in 2024, chartering a 1A ice - class vessel incurs a daily premium of $8,000, compared to the $85,000 daily loss from delays. (These figures are illustrative and may vary by vessel.)

（二）极端天气

根据土耳其船东协会的数据，2021 年冬季黑海北部冰封面积达3.2万平方公里，导致敖德萨港停摆，伊斯坦布尔港中转受到延误影响。2024年1月，冰情导致12艘散货船无法靠泊，单船日均损失$8.5万。出行前可以选择第三方平台查看相关天气的预测、利用大数据与AI智能测算合适方案，也可以选择1A冰级散货船，根据2024年土耳其船东协会数据，租用1A冰级船日均溢价$8,000，而延误日均损失达 $85,000。（数据仅为例举，精确值因船而异）

Practical Suggestions for Transit Through the Turkish Straits

• Permit Verification: Vessels exceeding 300 meters in length must confirm the status of permits from the Ministry of Transport to prevent delays.
• Draft and Air Draft Calculation: Accurately calculate tide levels and the vessel's net air draft before transiting bridges, as the safety margins of Bosporus bridges are extremely small.
• Tug Coordination: Book tugs through agents 48 hours in advance, especially for LNG carriers requiring high - power tugs.
• Real - time Communication: Maintain a listening watch on VHF channels 16/13 during transit, with instructions from Istanbul VTS taking the highest priority.
• Emergency Preparedness: Anchoring is prohibited within the strait. In case of main engine failure, immediately report to VTS and activate the tug emergency protocol.
• Navigation Precautions: Vessels should promptly confirm their ETA with agents and maintain VHF contact with the strait's traffic management to avoid unnecessary delays.
• Optimal Transit Time: Considering weather conditions, tugs notified will transit the strait during the day at a speed of at least 4 knots relative to the land.

五、土耳其海峡过境实操建议

1.提前验证许可：>300米船舶务必确认交通部许可状态，避免延误。

2.吃水与空高核算：过桥前精确计算潮汐和船舶净空，博斯普鲁斯桥梁安全余量极小。

3.拖船协调：通过代理提前48小时预订拖船，特别是LNG船需指定大马力拖船。

4.实时通信：过境时保持VHF 16/13频道守听，伊斯坦布尔VTS指令优先级最高。

5.应急准备：海峡内禁止抛锚，主机故障需立即通报VTS并启用拖船应急协议。

6.航行注意事项：船舶在申报通过海峡的时间上要及时和代理确认、通过VHF及时和海峡交管联系以确保船舶ETA发生不必要的延误。

7.最佳通行时间：考虑到气象条件，经通知通过的拖船将在白天以相对于陆地至少4海里的速度通过海峡。

E - PORTS offers comprehensive services for Istanbul Port, with key businesses including captain procurement, crew change, cargo handling, port dues settlement, and spare parts supply. For more details on Istanbul Port's policies and fee forecasts, contact:

WhatsApp/WeChat: 13816101982

Email: contact@e - ports.com

E - PORTS为伊斯坦布尔港提供全面服务，重点业务包括船长采购、换员、装卸货物、港使费结算、备件等。如需了解更多伊斯坦布尔港详细港口政策及费用预测，可通过以下方式联系：

WhatsApp/WeChat：13816101982
Email：contact@e - ports.com